Why Children Fight Bedtime

What this article will help you do

When your child fights bedtime, it can feel like the whole evening gets swallowed up by arguments, delays, tears, shouting, repeated requests, and coming back downstairs. This article explains why bedtime battles happen, what patterns to look for, and how to start making bedtime calmer without trying to fix everything at once.

This guide is informed by Positive Behaviour Support and Applied Behaviour Analysis. That means it focuses on understanding the pattern around bedtime, changing what happens before the struggle, and teaching safer, calmer routines rather than relying only on consequences after bedtime has already gone wrong.

Quick summary

Children often fight bedtime because bedtime is a difficult transition.

That’s because it can mean stopping something enjoyable, leaving adults, being alone, lying still, losing access to screens or play, facing worries, or trying to sleep before their body is ready.

Bedtime battles are not always “defiance.” They may be linked to:

• not being sleepy enough yet
• being overtired and dysregulated
• too much stimulation before bed
• unclear or stretched-out routines
• difficulty stopping preferred activities
• separation worries
• fear of the dark or being alone
• needing adult attention or reassurance
• inconsistent responses after bedtime starts
• discomfort, breathing problems, pain, or other sleep-related issues

The most useful first step is to look for the pattern: what happens before bedtime resistance, what your child does, what adults do next, and what changes for your child afterwards.

Need a calmer starting point?

The fast answer: bedtime is doing more than one job

Most bedtime battles happen because bedtime is not just one instruction.

You’re not just asking your child to sleep, you’re also asking them to:

• stop something enjoyable
• leave the family space
• separate from you
• go upstairs
• brush teeth
• put pyjamas on
• use the toilet
• lie still
• tolerate darkness or quiet
• manage worries
• wait for sleep

If one part of that chain is too hard, bedtime can become the place where the struggle shows up.

So the question isn’t just: “How do I make my child go to bed?”

A better starting question is: Which part of bedtime is difficult for my child, and what does fighting bedtime help them avoid, delay, get, or communicate?

Do not assume it’s “just behaviour” if…

Many bedtime battles are pattern-based and can improve with clearer routines, better timing, and consistent responses.

But not every sleep struggle should be treated as a behaviour issue.

Consider seeking medical advice if your child has signs such as:

• loud regular snoring
• gasping, choking, or breathing pauses during sleep
• extreme daytime tiredness
• unusual restlessness or discomfort at night
• pain
• itching, reflux, blocked nose, or other discomfort
• sudden major sleep changes
• persistent night waking that feels unusual for your child
• significant anxiety or fear around sleep
• toileting issues affecting sleep

Behaviour strategies are useful, but they should not be used to ignore possible sleep, breathing, pain, anxiety, or health concerns.

Is it normal for children to fight bedtime?

Some bedtime resistance is very common.

Many children find it hard to stop playing, leave adults, settle their body, or accept that the day is ending. Bedtime can also become harder during changes such as starting school, moving house, family stress, illness, holidays, developmental changes, or changes in routine.

But “common” does not mean you have to ignore it.

If bedtime regularly becomes a long battle, affects sleep, causes major stress, or leads to shouting, aggression, repeated distress, or very late nights, it’s worth looking at the pattern more carefully.

“Fighting bedtime” can mean different things

Parents use “fighting bedtime” to describe many different behaviours.

For example, your child might:

• refuse to go upstairs
• run away when pyjamas come out
• argue about brushing teeth
• ask for one more story
• need repeated drinks, toilet trips, cuddles, or questions
• cry when you leave the room
• come downstairs again and again
• shout from bed
• say they are scared
• say they are not tired
• become hyperactive
• hit, kick, throw, or scream during the routine
• stay awake for a long time after lights out

All of these can be part of a bedtime battle, but they do not all mean the same thing.

A child who becomes upset when you leave the room may need help with separation and reassurance.

A child who is still wide awake at 9:30pm may have a sleep-timing issue.

A child who keeps asking for snacks, drinks, and stories may have learned that requests extend adult attention and delay bedtime.

A child who refuses only after tablet time may be struggling with stopping a preferred activity.

The pattern matters.

Which bedtime pattern sounds most like your child?

What you see	More likely pattern
Your child is alert, playful, or chatty for a long time after lights out	Bedtime may be too early, or sleep pressure may be low
Your child becomes tearful or distressed when you leave	Separation, reassurance, or fear pattern
Your child asks for drinks, toilet, stories, cuddles, or questions repeatedly	Delay and adult-attention pattern
The battle starts when screens, games, or play stop	Transition away from a preferred activity
The battle happens around teeth, pyjamas, washing, or toilet	Routine-step avoidance or sensory discomfort
Bedtime is worse before school, nursery, or a change the next day	Worry, next-day demand, or uncertainty pattern
Your child becomes silly, loud, or wired late in the evening	Overtiredness, overstimulation, or difficulty downshifting
Your child comes downstairs repeatedly after lights out	Adult contact, delay, reassurance, or unclear boundary pattern
Your child says they are scared	Fear, worry, imagination, or separation pattern
There is snoring, gasping, pain, or extreme daytime tiredness	Possible sleep or health issue; seek medical advice

This table is not a diagnosis, but it’s a starting point for noticing the pattern.

What to observe tonight

You don’t need to redesign bedtime immediately.

Tonight, focus on noticing three things:

1. When does the battle start?
   Is it when screens stop, when your child goes upstairs, during teeth brushing, when you leave, or after lights out?
2. What does your child seem to be avoiding, delaying, getting, or communicating?
   Are they delaying sleep, avoiding separation, escaping a routine step, seeking reassurance, or trying to keep adult attention?
3. What happens after they resist?
   Do they get more time, more attention, more stories, another drink, a parent staying longer, or a delay to the next step?

Those three clues can tell you more than trying to judge the whole evening as “good” or “bad.”

Why bedtime can become such a battle

Bedtime isn’t just the end of the day, it’s a chain of transitions.

Your child may need to stop playing, leave the family space, brush teeth, put pyjamas on, use the toilet, get into bed, separate from adults, lie still, tolerate darkness or quiet, and wait for sleep.

That is a lot.

For some children, bedtime is hard because they don’t want the day to end. For others, their body isn’t ready to sleep yet. Some children struggle with being alone. Some have learned that protesting, calling out, negotiating, or coming downstairs keeps adults close or delays sleep.

The behaviour may look like “fighting bedtime,” but the reason behind it may be different from child to child.

The main reasons children fight bedtime

1. Bedtime means stopping something better

For many children, bedtime means losing access to something they enjoy.

That might be:

• TV
• tablet
• games
• toys
• downstairs time
• siblings
• parent attention
• snacks
• movement
• play
• a favourite activity

If bedtime reliably means “the good stuff ends,” resistance can make sense.

Your child may not be thinking, “I will manipulate this situation.”

They may simply have learned that arguing, crying, hiding, joking, negotiating, or refusing sometimes keeps the activity going a little longer.

The clue is whether the struggle starts when the preferred activity is removed or when the transition to bed begins.

2. Your child may not be sleepy enough yet

Sometimes bedtime becomes a fight because your child is being asked to sleep before their body is ready.

This can happen when:

• bedtime is too early for your child’s current sleep pattern
• your child napped late
• the morning wake time is inconsistent
• weekends are much later than weekdays
• your child has not had enough movement or daylight
• bedtime has slowly drifted later but the official bedtime stayed the same
• your child is spending a long time in bed awake

When a child is put to bed before they are sleepy, bed can become a place for arguing, calling out, playing, worrying, and repeated adult interaction.

In this pattern, the problem isn’t just the behaviour. It may also be sleep timing.

3. Your child may be overtired

The opposite can also happen.

Some children fight bedtime because they are overtired. Instead of becoming calm and sleepy, they become wired, tearful, irritable, or harder to guide.

An overtired child may:

• become hyperactive
• laugh, run, or climb
• cry easily
• argue over small things
• struggle with simple instructions
• become more impulsive
• resist every step of the routine
• seem unable to settle even though they are exhausted

This can confuse parents because the child may not look sleepy. They may look full of energy.

The clue is the quality of the behaviour: overtired children often look less regulated, more emotional, and less able to cope.

4. The routine is unclear or too long

Some bedtime routines become accidentally confusing.

For example:

• sometimes there is one story, sometimes five
• sometimes drinks are allowed, sometimes not
• sometimes the parent stays, sometimes leaves
• sometimes the child can come downstairs, sometimes not
• sometimes screens end early, sometimes they continue until bed
• sometimes the routine takes 20 minutes, sometimes 90 minutes

Children often push hardest where the boundary is unclear.

If the routine changes depending on how tired, stressed, guilty, or busy adults feel, your child may keep testing to find out what bedtime means tonight.

This isn’t about blaming ourselves as parents. Bedtime happens when adults are tired too.

But unclear routines can accidentally create more negotiation.

5. Bedtime brings separation

For some children, bedtime is hard because it means separating from adults.

They may say:

• “Don’t go.”
• “Stay with me.”
• “I’m scared.”
• “I need another cuddle.”
• “I don’t want to be alone.”
• “What if something happens?”
• “I can’t sleep without you.”

If adult closeness has become part of falling asleep, your child may struggle when that closeness is removed.

This doesn’t mean your child is “spoiled.” It just means bedtime has become linked with needing a certain adult response to feel settled.

The plan may need to teach separation gradually and kindly, rather than suddenly expecting your child to cope with a big change at the hardest moment of the day.

6. Bedtime gives a lot of adult attention

Bedtime battles can create a huge amount of adult attention.

Even negative attention can be powerful when the alternative is being alone in bed.

A child may get:

• repeated conversations
• extra cuddles
• extra stories
• adults coming back into the room
• negotiation
• reassurance
• frustration
• long explanations
• one-to-one attention
• being carried back to bed
• another chance to talk

Again, this does not mean your child is being calculated.

It just means the bedtime pattern may have taught your child that resistance keeps adults close.

If that’s the pattern, your child needs a safer, calmer, more predictable way to get connection before bedtime resistance starts.

7. Your child may be worried, scared, or overloaded

Some bedtime resistance is linked to fear or worry.

Your child may be scared of:

• the dark
• being alone
• bad dreams
• monsters
• noises
• separation
• school the next day
• something they saw on a screen
• a recent change
• illness, pain, or feeling unsafe

Other children become more dysregulated at bedtime because they have held it together all day. Once the day slows down, everything comes out.

In this pattern, the bedtime battle may not be about bedtime itself. Bedtime may be when your child’s worry, tiredness, or emotional overload becomes visible.

8. The environment may be working against sleep

Some children fight bedtime because the sleep environment is not helping.

Common issues include:

• room too bright
• room too hot or cold
• noise from siblings or adults
• screens too close to bedtime
• stimulating play late in the evening
• uncomfortable clothes or bedding
• hunger or thirst
• needing the toilet
• itchy skin, blocked nose, reflux, pain, or other discomfort
• inconsistent wake-up times

The behaviour may look like refusal, but the setting may be making sleep harder.

Overtired or undertired? How to tell the difference

Parents often hear two opposite explanations:

“They’re overtired.”
“They’re not tired enough.”

Both can be true in different situations.

Signs your child may be undertired

Your child may be undertired if they:

• seem calm but wide awake
• play quietly in bed for a long time
• ask lots of questions after lights out
• take a long time to fall asleep most nights
• are not especially emotional, just not sleepy
• had a late nap
• woke up late that morning
• has a bedtime that may be earlier than their current sleep pattern

If your child is undertired, the first adjustment may involve sleep timing, daytime routine, morning wake time, movement, daylight, and reducing long awake periods in bed.

Signs your child may be overtired

Your child may be overtired if they:

• becomes “silly”, wired, or tearful
• argues over small things
• melts down during routine steps
• becomes more impulsive
• struggles to follow instructions they usually manage
• seems exhausted but cannot settle
• had a long, demanding day
• missed their usual rest or downtime
• becomes more dysregulated the later bedtime gets

If your child is overtired, the first adjustment may involve starting the wind-down earlier, reducing stimulation, simplifying the routine, and preventing the evening from tipping into escalation.

Why this matters

Overtired and undertired bedtime battles can look similar from the outside.

Both can involve calling out, refusing, coming downstairs, or saying “I’m not tired.”

But they need different first steps.

An undertired child may need a better-matched sleep schedule.

An overtired child may need a calmer, earlier, simpler wind-down.

This is why tracking actual sleep time for a few nights is so useful.

What happens before bedtime matters

To understand bedtime battles, look at what happens in the hour before bed.

Ask:

• What time did the routine start?
• What was your child doing just before?
• Were screens involved?
• Was your child asked to stop something enjoyable?
• Was the house noisy or busy?
• Was there rushing?
• Was there conflict earlier?
• Did your child nap?
• Did your child get enough movement?
• Was your child hungry, thirsty, itchy, uncomfortable, or worried?
• Did the routine start at a predictable time?
• Was your child already overtired?

The bedtime battle may start before bedtime officially begins.

For example, if your child has 45 minutes of fast-paced screen time, then is told to stop immediately and go upstairs, the problem may be the transition, not just the bedroom.

What happens after resistance matters too

The moments after bedtime resistance can accidentally keep the pattern going.

After your child refuses, cries, argues, or comes downstairs, what usually happens?

• Do they get more time awake?
• Do they get more adult attention?
• Does a parent stay longer?
• Do they get another story?
• Do they get another drink or snack?
• Do adults negotiate?
• Does the routine restart?
• Do they avoid brushing teeth?
• Do they sleep in another room?
• Do they delay being alone?
• Do they get access to screens again?

No blame. As parents, we are tired at bedtime. It’s completely understandable to choose the thing that gets everyone through the evening.

But if resistance repeatedly leads to delay, attention, escape from routine steps, or more adult presence, the pattern can become stronger.

Three examples

Example 1: “One more story” becomes forty minutes

A child asks for one more story every night. If the parent says no, the child cries. The parent eventually reads another story to calm things down.

Possible pattern:

Story ends → child cries → extra story → bedtime delayed

The child may not be trying to be difficult. They may have learned that upset sometimes extends the routine.

Helpful first focus:

• decide the story number before bedtime
• show the routine visually if helpful
• give warm attention before the final story
• use a consistent phrase when stories are finished
• avoid restarting the routine after protest
• praise accepting the final step

Example 2: Your child is not sleepy until much later

A child is put to bed at 7:30pm but rarely falls asleep before 9:15pm. During that time, they call out, get up, ask questions, and become increasingly frustrated.

Possible pattern:

Bedtime set earlier than sleep readiness → long awake time in bed → more resistance

Helpful first focus:

• track actual sleep time for a few nights
• start the wind-down closer to when sleep naturally happens
• gradually move bedtime earlier once falling asleep becomes easier
• keep wake time more consistent
• avoid making bed a long battleground

Example 3: Bedtime means losing adult closeness

A child becomes upset when Mum leaves the bedroom. They ask for repeated cuddles, cry at the door, and say they are scared.

Possible pattern:

Adult leaves → separation distress → parent returns repeatedly → adult closeness restored

Helpful first focus:

• build connection earlier in the routine
• use a predictable goodnight phrase
• practise brief separations in easier moments
• return calmly and briefly if needed
• gradually reduce how much adult presence is needed
• teach a small coping response such as holding a comfort item or listening to calm audio

Why “they’re just trying it on” is not enough

Sometimes children do test boundaries. But that phrase does not tell you what to change.

A behaviour-pattern question is more useful:

What does bedtime resistance achieve for your child?

It may achieve:

• more time awake
• more attention
• more control
• escape from a difficult task
• delay of separation
• reassurance
• access to preferred activities
• avoidance of fear or worry
• relief from discomfort
• waiting until they are actually sleepy

Once you know what bedtime resistance is doing, the plan becomes clearer.

What to track for five nights

You do not need perfect notes. You need useful clues.

For five nights, write down:

1. What time did the wind-down start?
2. What time was lights out?
3. What time did your child actually fall asleep?
4. What happened in the hour before bed?
5. What part of the routine triggered resistance?
6. What did your child do?
7. What did adults do next?
8. What changed for your child after resisting?
9. Did your child wake in the night?
10. How was your child the next day?

After a few nights, patterns often become clearer.

You might notice:

• bedtime is too early
• bedtime is starting too late
• screens make the transition harder
• resistance starts at the same routine step
• your child needs more connection before bed
• adult responses vary night to night
• your child is worried about being alone
• your child is overtired by the time the routine starts
• the routine is too long
• your child gets a lot of attention after resisting

This is the information that helps you choose the first change.

Get the Bedtime Battle Pattern Pack

If bedtime has become a repeated battle, the next useful step is to map one bedtime pattern for a few nights.

The Bedtime Battle Pattern Pack helps you:

• choose one bedtime behaviour to focus on first
• track what happens before bedtime resistance
• notice which part of the routine triggers the struggle
• record what adults do after resistance starts
• spot whether the pattern is linked to delay, attention, separation, sleep timing, fear, discomfort, or routine steps
• choose the first bedtime change to try

What to adjust first

Start small.

1. Choose one bedtime pattern

Do not try to fix the whole evening at once.

Choose one repeated pattern, such as:

• refusing to go upstairs
• repeated drinks after lights out
• coming downstairs
• distress when you leave
• arguments after screen time
• refusal around teeth brushing
• staying awake for a long time

One pattern first is easier to understand and change.

2. Make the routine visible and predictable

Your child should know what happens next.

A simple routine might be:

1. toilet
2. teeth
3. pyjamas
4. one story
5. cuddle
6. goodnight phrase
7. lights out

Keep it boring, kind, and repeatable.

3. Build connection before the hard part

If your child fights bedtime to keep you close, add warm attention before the final separation.

That might be:

• ten minutes of quiet play
• one story with full attention
• a short chat
• a cuddle
• a predictable “best part of the day” routine

The aim is to give connection before resistance, not after resistance has escalated.

4. Match bedtime to actual sleepiness

If your child is lying awake for a long time every night, consider whether bedtime is too early for their current pattern.

A temporary later bedtime, followed by gradual movement earlier, can sometimes reduce the long battle in bed.

This does not mean letting bedtime drift forever. It means starting from where your child’s sleep currently is, then shaping it gradually.

5. Prevent overtired escalation

If your child becomes wired, tearful, “silly”, or explosive late in the evening, the routine may need to start earlier and become simpler.

That might mean:

• reducing stimulation earlier
• ending screens sooner
• making the routine shorter
• avoiding rough play close to bed
• starting the wind-down before your child is already dysregulated
• keeping the same calm sequence each night

The aim is to catch bedtime before your child tips into the hardest part of the evening.

6. Keep adult responses brief and consistent

If your child calls out or comes out repeatedly, long discussions can keep the interaction going.

A calmer response might be:

“It’s bedtime. Back to bed.”

Then return them calmly and repeat the same phrase.

This is not about being cold, it’s about making the bedtime boundary clearer.

7. Teach the missing skill

Depending on the pattern, your child may need to learn:

• how to stop play and move to bedtime
• how to ask for one more minute appropriately
• how to cope with lights out
• how to stay in bed
• how to use a comfort item
• how to ask for help once
• how to separate from an adult gradually
• how to do the routine steps independently
• how to relax their body

Bedtime is a skill chain, not just a rule.

What often backfires

Trying to solve bedtime in the middle of bedtime

Bedtime is usually the worst time to redesign the plan. Everyone is tired. Your child may be dysregulated. Adults may be frustrated.

Make the plan earlier in the day.

Changing the rule every night

If your child sometimes gets extra stories, extra snacks, extra screen time, or a parent staying until they fall asleep, they may keep trying because sometimes it works.

Consistency makes the pattern clearer.

Making the routine too complicated

A long routine creates more places for delay and negotiation.

Keep the routine warm but simple.

Starting the routine too late

If your child is overtired, bedtime can become more emotional and harder to manage.

A calmer wind-down before the difficult point may help.

Starting the routine too early

If your child is not sleepy enough, they may spend a long time awake in bed. That can turn bed into a place for frustration, calling out, and conflict.

Removing reassurance too suddenly

If your child is genuinely anxious or used to falling asleep with an adult close, a sudden change may be too big.

Gradual change is often more realistic.

Using only consequences

Consequences after bedtime resistance may not teach the missing skill. If your child needs help with transitions, separation, fear, or sleep timing, those need to be addressed directly.

What to try first tonight

Choose one small change.

Not a total bedtime overhaul.

For example:

• start the wind-down 20–30 minutes before bed
• write or draw the bedtime steps
• decide the number of stories before the routine starts
• remove screens earlier
• add ten minutes of calm connection before going upstairs
• use the same goodnight phrase every night
• track actual sleep time for five nights
• keep drinks, toilet, and comfort items built into the routine before lights out

The first goal is not perfect bedtime.

The first goal is a clearer pattern.

When to get extra help

Consider getting advice from a GP, health visitor, school nurse, or appropriate professional if:

• your child snores loudly and regularly
• your child gasps, chokes, or seems to stop breathing during sleep
• your child is extremely tired during the day
• sleep suddenly changes for no clear reason
• pain, itching, reflux, breathing, anxiety, or toileting issues seem involved
• bedtime is causing significant family distress
• your child is getting very little sleep
• your child’s behaviour during the day has changed alongside sleep problems
• you are worried something else is going on

Behaviour support can help with patterns, routines, and skills. It should sit alongside medical or mental health advice when those issues may be relevant.

FAQ

Why does my child fight bedtime every night?

Your child may fight bedtime because it helps delay sleep, keep adults close, avoid a routine step, continue a preferred activity, escape being alone, or manage worry. The most useful clue is what happens before and after the bedtime resistance.

Is my child fighting bedtime because they are not tired?

Possibly. If your child regularly takes a long time to fall asleep after lights out, bedtime may not match their current sleep readiness. Tracking actual sleep time for a few nights can help you see whether timing is part of the pattern.

Can children fight bedtime because they are overtired?

Yes. Some children become more emotional, “silly”, restless, impulsive, or reactive when they are overtired. If bedtime starts after your child is already dysregulated, the routine may need to begin earlier and become calmer.

Why does my child suddenly become hyper at bedtime?

Some children become silly, loud, or active when they are tired, overstimulated, anxious, or trying to avoid the transition. Look at the hour before bed: screens, rough play, rushing, conflict, and late routines can all make bedtime harder.

Should I stay with my child until they fall asleep?

That depends on the pattern and your goal. If your child currently needs you there, removing your presence suddenly may be too big a step. A gradual plan may work better, especially if your child is anxious. The key is to avoid changing the response night by night without a plan.

Is it bad to give another cuddle or drink?

Not necessarily. The issue is whether repeated extras are becoming the main way bedtime gets delayed. It can help to build one drink, toilet trip, cuddle, and comfort item into the routine before lights out, then keep the response after lights out brief and predictable.

What if bedtime resistance includes screaming, hitting, or throwing?

Start with safety and reduce demands in the moment if needed. Later, map the pattern. Is the behaviour happening when screens end, when your child is asked to go upstairs, when you leave the room, or when a specific routine step starts? The first plan should focus on the pattern, not just the behaviour at its loudest point.

How long should a bedtime routine be?

There is no perfect length, but many children do better with a short, predictable wind-down routine rather than an open-ended evening. If the routine regularly stretches for an hour or more because of negotiation, it may need simplifying.

Key takeaway

Children fight bedtime for different reasons.

For some children, bedtime means losing access to fun. For others, it means separation, worry, too much stillness, unclear routines, discomfort, overtiredness, or trying to sleep before their body is ready.

The behaviour makes more sense when you look at the pattern:

1. What happens before bedtime resistance?
2. What does your child do?
3. What do adults do next?
4. What changes for your child afterwards?
5. What skill or routine does your child need to learn?

You do not need to fix every part of bedtime at once. Start with one repeated bedtime battle pattern, track it for a few nights, and change the first part of the routine that makes the struggle more likely.

References

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Delemere, E., & Dounavi, K. (2018). Parent-implemented bedtime fading and positive routines for children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 1002–1019.

Freeman, K. A. (2006). Treating bedtime resistance with the bedtime pass: A systematic replication and component analysis with 3-year-olds. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(4), 423–428.

Meltzer, L. J., & Mindell, J. A. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(8), 932–948.

Mindell, J. A., Leichman, E. S., Composto, J., Lee, C., Bhullar, B., & Walters, R. M. (2017). Development of infant and toddler sleep patterns: Real-world data from a mobile application. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(2), 206–211.

Mindell, J. A., Williamson, A. A., Bathory, E., & Telofski, L. S. (2018). Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 40, 93–108.

NHS. (n.d.). Sleep and young children.

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Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (n.d.). Sleep problems: Children and teens.

Wilson, K. E., Miller, A. L., Bonuck, K., Lumeng, J. C., & Chervin, R. D. (2014). Evaluation of a sleep education program for low-income preschool children and their families. Sleep, 37(6), 1117–1125.